Q. What is visual impairment?

A. A visual impairment is a decreased visual acuity and field of vision relative to the fully sighted population. The term ‘visual impairment’ can cover a range of eye conditions from individuals with total congenital blindness to individuals whose sight is not considered normal but who have some useful vision. Normal vision, as defined by the WHO, is a visual acuity measurement of 6/6 to 6/18 on the Snellen Test. The Snellen Test is the most commonly used method of measuring the performance of an eye when compared with an average eye considered to have normal vision. Those with visual acuity of less than 3/60 are defined as being blind. Those with visual acuity in between these two extremes are classified as low vision.

Q. What are some characteristics of visual impairment?

A. Visual impairments are commonly categorised into one of following categories: (1) partial sight; (2) low vision; or (3) blindness. However, these are not definitive classifications and given the breadth and variation within the term ‘visual impairment’, it is important that any individual experiencing visual difficulties should seek or be brought for professional medical advice.

The effect of visual problems on a child's development depends on the severity, type of loss, age at which the condition appears and overall functioning level of the child. The difficulties experienced generally revolve around some or several of the following problems:

• Central vision problems
• Peripheral vision problems
• Interrupted field
• Narrow field
• Problems with visual acuity
• As a result, visual impairments may actually hinder or delay development in:
• Acquiring concepts
• Mastering reading skills
• Developing an understanding of numbers and mathematical concepts
• Acquiring skills in mobility, direction and travel

Q. What can be done to help someone with a visual impairment?

A: The provision of good support and counselling for both parents and children is of paramount importance once a visual impairment is diagnosed. Acceptance of the visual impairment is needed by all the parties involved. The visually impaired child should be provided with appropriate low-vision aids, a brailling machine (if blind), large print books and other magnification and educational aids. Furthermore, mobility and orientation training should be provided.

While there are special schools available for students with visual impairments, many visually impaired students can benefit from attendance at mainstream schools, provided that adequate arrangements can be put in place to meet their needs. Visiting teachers provide a service for students in mainstream schools with specific conditions such as hearing and visual impairments. The emphasis of their work is on direct teaching and providing an advisory and support service for both teachers and parents.

An environment that fosters relationships, self-discovery and an awareness of the external world should be provided.

Related Links

National Council for the Blind in Ireland (NCBI)

St Joseph's NS for children with visual impairment

Royal National Institute for the Blind (UK)

Research Centre for the Education of the Visually Impaired (UK)

Visugate (UK)

Institute of Child Education and Psychology (ICEPE) Professional Development Courses

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